History of the FIFA World Cup

History of the FIFA World Cup The FIFA World Cup, which is known as football world cup or mainly just world cup, is a worldwide football competition. Only the mens national teams take place in this world cup which is held every four years since it started at the year 1930 except in 1942 and 1946 because of the World War II. 32 teams participate in the current format of the world cup tournament in a certain nation which is chosen by votes. The tournament lasts for about a months and this stage is called the world cup finals. Teams begin to compete to book a place in the tournament for like three years before it starts. This stage is called qualification stage. The World Cup is the most widely-viewed sporting event in the world, with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 final. Only seven nations won the World Cup title of the last 18 tournaments. Brazil who won the title five times are the only team to have participated in all the tournaments held so far. Italy won the World Cup title four times and are the current holder of the title. Germany won this title three times, Argentina twice and one title for each of Uruguay France and England. The last World Cup tournament was held in Germany in 2006. The next World Cup will be held in South Africa, between 11 June and 11 July 2010, and the 2014 World Cup will be held in Brazil. 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy West Germany won FIFA World Cup title for the third time in 1990 as they defeated Argentina in the final 1-0 in Rome. This win made them revenge their defeat by Argentina in the final 4 years later. This victory was really important for Franz Beckenbauer as he won this title as a player and later on he won it as a coach. He was the second person to do this. The 1990 tournament finals set a first of its type record with only 2.21 goals per match, but definitely there was so much color and drama. The first match of the tournament witnessed a huge unexpected surprise which was a dramatic one, with Cameroon beating Argentina at a magnificently revamped San Siro. Roger Milla the Cameroonian player enjoyed his finest moments. This made people believe that Cameroon might actually do something memorable in this tournament. This was the second time for Italy to host the FIFA World Cup. 56 years after their 1934 triumph on its lands, they hosted a successful tournament on its own soil. 10 stadiums around the peninsula were repaired to host the finals while two vast new arenas were built in Turin and Bari. 1994 FIFA World Cup USA The USA hosted the FIFA World Cup 1994 which was one of the very successful tournaments ever which ended with Brazil celebrating their first title after 24 years since they last won it in the year 1970. The final was disappointing for many fans as it was a draw with no goals and it was settled with penalties as Brazil defeated Italy, but that didnt affect the previous entertainment in the previous matches. 141 goals were scored in this tournament which was the highest number since 1982. The first surprise was Bulgaria surprising the whole world by beating Germany on the way to the semi-finals. Diego Maradona tested positive for drugs and was expelled from the tournament, his team, Argentina, following suit soon after by losing a five-goal thriller to Gheorghe Hagis Romania. There was some drama also in this tournament. Colombia defender Andres Escobar scored an own goal against the US that eliminated Colombia from the tournament was then murdered for what he did. That match guaranteed for the Americans a place in the second round where they lost to Brazil 1-0. 1998 FIFA World Cup France France where Jules Rimet who is the father of FIFA World Cup was born finally won the title for itself on its own lands in the summer of 1998. It was a memorable summer for the champions of the world as they won the title after suffering semi-final defeats ten years ago. Not only that, but this tournament was the biggest ever. The 16th FIFA World Cup expanded the number of teams from 24 to 32. Expansion of the number of teams meant that more teams from Africa, Asia and Northern America will take places in the tournaments. South Africa, Jamaica and Japan qualified for the first time ever this year. The 32 teams were divided into 8 groups each containing 4 teams and the 8 groups were spread all over but the starting match and the final were played in le Stade de France. In this stadium Brazil the holders of the 1994 World Cup played the opening match against Scotland where they won 2-1. France won the title in a dramatic final against Brazil where they won with three goals where two of them were scored by the legendary Zein El-Din Zidane and the match ended 3-0 for France. 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan The 2002 FIFA World Cup which was hosted by a new continent was played in Korea/Japan. This tournament was full of surprise from the beginning till the end where strong teams unexpectedly lost to weaker teams. But the final match was of no surprises as it included two of the strongest teams, Brazil and Germany. Brazil conceded their 5th title and won 2-0 against Germany. Ronaldo who didnt participate in the final of 1998 against France was the hero for Brazilians as he scored the two goals that earned Brazil their title in Yokohama against Germany. He scored eight goals in this tournament which was the highest number of scored goals in one tournament after Gerd Mullers ten goals in Mexico 1970. After thirty days of drama where Strong teams lost to weaker ones and un-predicted victories and losses, the final was somehow familiar as the Yellow-shirted South Americans lifted the World Cup high in the sky for the fifth time. It was the first time for Asia to host a World Cup final and by Brazil achieving their fifth title they set a record of capturing a title from every continent that hosted the finals. 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany Italy won the FIFA World Cup title in 2006 after their amazing teamwork. With the final witnessing some drama as the magnificent Zidane was shown a red card after hitting Marco Materazzi with his head, Italy was rewarded the title after a 1-1 draw in the full time and extra time, then beating France in the penalty shoot-outs. The thirty days of amazing football in Germany was not only witnessed by 3,359,439 spectators who attended the matches in 12 amazing stadiums but also approximately 30 billion viewers from all over the world. They all witnessed an amazing 64-match, 147-goal marathon. Zidanes return to his amazing form with France helped his team to beat Spain and Brazil on the way to Berlin where the final was hosted. At the age of 33 he earned the Adidas Golden ball as the best player in this tournament and scored in the final against Italy after 8 years of scoring twice in the final against Brazil. But there was no happy ending for him as he was dismissed in the final for the famous fight with Materazzi. Germany 2006 had the lowest goals average since 1990. The FIFA World Cup is the most important sports tournament after the Olympics. It is viewed by all sexes and all ages where children, men and women watch it with pleasure. Some feel happy and amazed at the end as some feel depressed but its of no second thinking that all the viewers all over the world enjoy it and are amazed by the magnificent football played in the World Cup by the best players of the world. Either it is teamwork or self-skills, it is wonderful. It is the kind of sport and tournaments that gathers all the people under one aim which is enjoying football.

The Intangible Necessity :: Customer Service Research Papers

The Intangible Necessity Works Cited Missing Introduction It’s the strategic interface between marketing and logistics, it adds value to any given product, yet it’s intangible – what is it? The answer is simple: customer service. â€Å"Customer service has been an issue since the early 1970’s† (Cavinato 60). Though it’s long been considered an issue, it’s important to remember that there isn’t one set formula to developing customer service, it’s more of a mindset (Cavinato 61). Customer service is usually only considered between retailers and end users; however, customer service is the â€Å"fuel that drives the logistics supply chain engine† (Coyle 92). It’s important for logistics companies to look at customer service from all aspects, since it is one way that companies can have a distinctive competitive advantage over competitors. This essay will discuss customer service in two parts, by explaining customer service in terms of its definition and the elements that comprise it and how customer service is applied in the logistics world. What is Customer Service? Definition One author defines customer service as â€Å"a process for providing competitive advantage and adding benefits to the supply chain in order to maximize the total value to the ultimate customer† (Coyle 96). It’s difficult to specifically define customer service because it incorporates several different areas; however, it can be narrowed down to something that a company provides to the end users of its products (Coyle 95). Customer service is important in all areas of a business, upstream to the suppliers of the raw materials and downstream to the end users. Customer service can be viewed in three standard ways: as an activity, as a performance measure, and as a philosophy (Coyle 96). Activity Customer service at this first level is very common. It’s the â€Å"particular task that a firm must accomplish to satisfy the customer’s needs† (Coyle 96). An example at this level would be a customer at a department store voicing a complaint to the â€Å"customer service† desk. The employees at the store must listen and attempt to correct the customer’s problem. The manner in which the employee or the store corrects the problem reflects on the company’s customer service. At the logistics level, it’s merely a transaction (Coyle 96). It’s the communication between the person placing the order and the company’s representative on the other end.

Etop Analysis

12 | Annual Report 2009-10 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY REPORT ‘What is that life worth which cannot bring comfort to others' – Dr. S K Burman Founder, Dabur India Ltd This noble thought by its founder has been the driving force behind Dabur India Ltd's community initiatives. At Dabur, we firmly believe that an organisation's true worth lies beyond its business, and is best reflected by the service it renders to the community and the Society. Businesses have a responsibility to subserve larger societal goals as they have the ability to contribute significantly and impactfully to sustainable and inclusive development.Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is not a public relations exercise for us. Dabur defines CSR as conducting business in ways that provide social, environmental & economic benefits for the communities and geographies where we operate. The greatest value is in making a difference in lives of people. Dabur's CSR initiatives are driven by Sustainable Deve lopment Society or SUNDESH, which aims to reach out to the weaker and more vulnerable sections of our society. Today, SUNDESH operates in Ghaziabad & Gautam Budh Nagar districts of Uttar Pradesh and in Rudrapur district of Uttarakhand.Over the years, it has contributed to many worthy causes, addressing children's literacy, improving healthcare services, skill development, and environment. To cite a few examples, almost 2,000 women have been offered skill development training and they are now supplementing their household income. Our self-help groups too have benefited many, with repayment of bank loans at almost 100%. It is highly encouraging to see that our small steps and efforts have helped many an illiterate kids see a school from inside, helped unemployed youth set up small businesses, made healthcare accessible to many†¦ n short, brought smiles on the faces of scores of families. Health Services The objective of rural health care is to mobilize the community and build awa reness, equipping them with adequate information, skills and confidence to access health services. SUNDESH provides health services across villages. It extends primary health services to the poor and the marginalised rural people at a reasonable cost. It focuses on community-oriented healthcare and works towards empowering every individual with essential knowledge and skills, which would enable them to lead a healthy life.Services provided to the rural people through this programme include: OPD & Diagnostic Facilities: The number of patients at the Health Post has been growing substantially every year, reflecting the increasing faith of the rural community in our medical facilities. Till date, 61,628 patients have benefitted through OPD services. It also provides diagnostic facilities like urine and pregnancy test, haemoglobin, blood sugar and doppler test to the poor rural populace at nominal rates. Mother & Child Healthcare: This initiative is aimed at reducing infant and maternal mortality rates, besides improving the quality of life of the villagers.Given the fact that pregnancy and child-birth related deaths are high in India, SUNDESH is focused on promoting and motivating expecting mothers to go in for institutional deliveries. Dabur India Limited | 13 It is the number of children who have benefitted from our education-related initiatives till date, with 830 children having joined formal schools Eye Care Camps: SUNDESH takes care of the elderly by holding eye care camps at its Health Post and in villages. Cataract cases are even operated free of cost. Prevention of female foeticide: SUNDESH has organised workshops in Ghaziabad on prevention of female foeticide.Anganwadi workers were sensitized to make the community aware about the importance of girl child and improve the girl-boy ratio in the region. AIDS awareness: An awareness drive on HIV/AIDS was undertaken with CARE India Trust and UP State AIDS Control Society. This sought to reduce Sexually Transm itted Infections/HIV transmission among high-risk migrants in urban areas of Ghaziabad district in Uttar Pradesh. Education & Literacy The educational initiatives of SUNDESH for underprivileged children include nonformal education [6-14 years non-school going], special school for working children [8-13 years], emedial education [6-14 years school-going], besides holding classes for women between the age of 18 and 45 years. This programme's success is reflected in the fact that a host of mothers are now following their daughters and seeking admission at our adult education centre. Non-formal Education: SUNDESH holds classes for underprivileged children between 6 and 14 years of age. After completing their basic education, these children, who have either never had a chance to see a school from inside or are school dropouts, are then encouraged to get enrolled in formal schools.Income Generation Programmes Capability enhancement programmes have been introduced offering vocational train ing in cutting & tailoring, machine & hand embroidery, bee keeping, mushroom farming, mehandi application and vermi-composting. Still a long way to go†¦ Dabur believes in having a long-term relationship with communities in and around its operational area, and in providing sustenance to regions that remain isolated and neglected. A beginning has been made but there are still miles to go before the huge disparity is bridged and a better future delivered to both the rural and urban poor.

Roles Of Women During History - 903 Words

Women throughout history have made great strides in gender equality. Unfortunately, there is still a long way to go. Career choices should be just that; a choice, not exclusion solely based upon gender. Joining the armed services for most is about service to your country, honor, and pride: For women this also includes limitations. Is it fair to limit what is accepted from women in terms of what roles they are allowed to serve in? Excluding women from serving in certain combat units sends a message of inequality and discrimination in a country that stands for a nation of equality. Women should be allowed to thrive in any position they choose when they meet the qualifications and training standards, even in combat units. Roles of Women in The Military The ban on women serving in combat positions was lifted in January of 2013, which opened seventy eight percent of all military positions to women (Bumiller, Shanker, 2013). Positions that are still closed based upon gender are Navy Seals, Army’s Delta Force, and most infantry positions (Press, 2015). The armed services were supposed to open all positions to women by January 2016: this was mandated by congress. Unfortunately as the mandate is closing in this issue is still being fought on all fronts. Legally this should be a non-issue as discrimination is illegal. The armed services were radically changed during World War II with the addition of over 400,000 women being integrated into non-combat roles inShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Women During History Throughout The 20th Century1825 Words   |  8 PagesThe role of women in history has changed dramatically over time, especially in the past century. Most of the time, she is presented as a victim of society, helpless and hopeless. Blamed and accused of being the root of all the problems. She is often sidelined because of being a confused being, not knowing what she wants and at the same time, she is the center of attention and the subject of man’s fantasy (the male gaze). History is full of evidence and stories of violence against women, who are subjectRead MoreWomen s Role During Society Has Changed Dramatically Throughout History1350 Words   |  6 Pages Women in H​amlet Women’s role in society has changed significantly throughout history. For the most part, women have been treated as second ­class citizens in comparison to men. It was not until 1920 that women were allowed to vote in the United States, and many controversies carry on today regarding women’s rights. Similarly, women in the works of William Shakespeare were usually placed in secondary roles. In Shakespeare’s H​amlet, w​omen are represented by just two characters: Gertrude and OpheliaRead MoreRevolutionary Mothers : Women During The Struggle For America s Independence By Carol Berkin1612 Words   |  7 PagesRevolutionary Mothers: Women in the struggle for America’s independence by Carol Berkin. This comprised of details on women who had been involved in struggling to fulfill the independence of America. Women played their role at facing or creating impact towards the war. This outlines on myriad of women,s lives as well as getting to know the obstacles that they encountered during the war. This aids in bringing out the idea that not o nly men who played vital roles during the war, but also women as being key charactersRead MoreComparing and Contrasting the Role of Women during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages1564 Words   |  7 PagesPart A: Plan of Investigation This investigation strives to compare and contrast of the role of women during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages. The inquiry is significant because in order to understand the culture and ethics of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages it is crucial to understand the importance of women. The issues that will be addressed include: the role of women in the Roman Empire, the role of women in the Middle Ages, and the similarities as well as the differences of the two majorRead MoreWomen s Roles During The Great Depression1413 Words   |  6 Pageswhite women’s social roles change from the 1920s to the Great Depression when employment and income decreased nationwide? A. Plan of Investigation The Great Depression devastated the United States, and remains the worst depression ever experienced by the nation. During the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† when the economy was thriving in the United States, women took the opportunity to improve their social statuses through enlightenment, but as this period came to an end women’s social roles began to change againRead MoreWomen During The Civil War1049 Words   |  5 PagesFor Civil War women in the 1860s it was predictable wisdom that a â€Å"woman’s place is in the home,† but the Civil War challenged this view. There were many women who played an important role in the Civil War. It is normal to think the Civil War was a man’s fight. However during the war, many women challenged the role of the women and took on different roles. While the men marched off to war, the women had to work hard and try to provide for their families. Women became doctors, spies, nurses, couriersRead MoreWhy Women Should Be D rafted and Serve in the U.S. Military during War1291 Words   |  6 PagesSection #15654 April 22, 2013 Why Women Should be Drafted and Serve in the U.S. Military during Time of War Throughout time women have gone to war along-side their male counterparts without any question as to what role they couldn’t play but rather what contributions they brought with them. History shows that women have played a vital role in military combat and have been very successful filling any role that their male equivalent has played during combat. Military women have led armies into battle,Read MoreThe Role Of Gender Roles In The Elizabethan Era1075 Words   |  5 Pagesstereotypical topic of gender roles in early history is the definition of the Elizabethan Era. Since the beginning of time females has been ranked below all male figures in status as well as a work force. Furthermore, the men were known to be the breadwinners for the family whereas the women were meant to stay at home housewife (Sharnette). Throughout history this storetype has evolved, but an average day for a male and female during the Elizabethan Era is rather contrasting. With women having little to non eRead MoreEssay American Women of World War II1120 Words   |  5 PagesBefore 1939, women were looked at as weak, incompetent and incapable of doing a man’s job. However, when World War II broke out, women were called to maintain the jobs that the men once occupied and t became evident that America’s best chance for success in World War II would have to include the efforts of American females. Women played a key role during World War II in the U.S. More than six million women took wartime jobs in factories, three million volunteered with the Red Cross, and over 200Read MoreThe Role Of Women During The Canterbury Tales By William Shakespeare And A Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1028 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of women in society has been well documented through world literature. â€Å"And the reality is that for a large bulk of human history, women have been treated as the subordinate to men and have not been given a voice†(David Splawn, 2015). Works such as The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, Hamlet by William Shakespeare,The Education of Women by Daniel Defoe, and A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen. These works come from a wide variety of time periods, they range from the middle ages to the

International Investment Report Malaysia Company Essay

International Investment Report Country: Malaysia Company: Tesla 1. Introduction Country Basics Malaysia is a federation of thirteen states and three federal territories in Southeast Asia. The capital of Malaysia is Kuala Lumpur which has a population of almost seven million. It consists of two regions separated by the South China Sea and is bordered by Brunei, Indonesia and Thailand. The government is Constitutional Monarchy, where head of state is king and head of government is prime-minister. The economic system is mixed where private freedom combines with centralized economic planning and government regulation. Malaysia is a member of Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation(APEC), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN), and the Trans-Partnership(TPP). Company Basics Tesla motors was founded in 2003 by a group of engineers in Silicon Valley. The company was founded on the guiding mission statement; to accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable energy. We design, develop, manufacture and sell electric vehicles globally. Our headquarters is located in Palo Alto California and our primary manufacturing facility is in Fremont California. The whole idea behind Tesla was to evolve the design AC engine design of Nikola Tesla. Our company has been extremely innovative in doing so; our first roadster released in 2008. The roadster had the ability to travel 250 miles on a single battery charge. Thus raising the bar for electric vehicles everywhere. Today we haveShow MoreRelatedCorrelation Analysis And Descriptive Analysis Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pages3.0 Introduction This chapter discussed about types of study used in this research. Other than that, the population and sample have been selected in this study is public listed companies under PN17 category by Bursa Malaysia. The data will be collected through a secondary data which is the annual reports of the companies. Meanwhile, the measurement of variable also has been discussed in this research. Besides, the statistical analysis consists of four types of test which are descriptive analysisRead MoreThe Harvest Box Is An Australian Organic Foods Retailer1649 Words   |  7 PagesAs foreign investment and international trade continue to drive globalisation, many companies are excited by the prospect of entering international marketplaces. However, due to the unique nature of overseas marketplaces, it is oftentimes difficult to identify which nations will support business growth, and those who will not. As a result, many companies employ the global expertise of Ryan International Consulting (RIC), to assist in making these challenging decisions. One such company, Harvest BoxRead More Stock Price Valuation and Beta Calculation1252 Words   |  6 Pagesmarket, bond market, and mortgage market, according to their characteristics. The markets are well-growing and establishing all around world due to the people’s awareness of investment, the globalization, the governments’ policies, and the change of technology. Equity market is one of the well performing markets. The companies raise fund from the public by listing themselves in the stock exchanges. Such objective can be done by distributing the common stock, preferred stock, and convertible securitiesRead MoreMalaysia Airlines966 Words   |  4 PagesStrategy in the Market Place: Malaysia Airlines (MAS) has announced their new business plan for year 2012, aiming to restore their profitability on the premium sector, as to become the preferred premium carrier. (Business Plan, Our Way Forward, December 2011, page7) By achieving the vision as to become the preferred premium carrier, they will be launching a new regional premium airline. In the first half of 2012, they will launch new short-haul brand, flying an entirely new Boeing 737-800 fleetRead MoreCountry Heights Holdings Berhad ( Chhb ) Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesCompany background Country Heights Holdings Berhad (CHHB) is a public listed conglomerate company that concentrates in property development and property investment, with subsidiaries in hospitality, health, tourism and education. CHHB founded in year 1984 and it was listed on the Main Market of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad in year 1994. Over RM 95 million of investment properties are included in RM 2 billion of total assets. CHHB has more than 50 subsidiaries companies and 1 associate companyRead MoreMnc and Foreign Direct Investment in Malaysia2751 Words   |  12 PagesMultinational Corporations (MNCs) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDIs) in Malaysia Over the Past Decade: A Detailed Look at their Determinants, Patterns and Effects.    1.1 Multinational Corporation and Foreign Direct Investment in Malaysia Primarily, Multinational Corporations or also known as MNC is defined as a firm that has an extensive involvement in international business, owning or controlling facilities in several differ ent countries other than its home country.  In other words, firm or groupRead MoreThe Islamic Finance and The Sukuk Market1800 Words   |  7 Pages Today, Islamic finance has shown impressive performance with the Islamic finance industry’s assets are estimated to have amounted to $1.8 trillion as at end-2013, recording an over 16% y-o-y growth according to KFH-Research. In a newly released report â€Å"Islamic Finance Outlook 2014† by Kuwait Finance House Research Limited (KFHR), the Islamic finance industry is forecasted to continue to chart tremendous double digit growth rates across all sectors, with total industry assets estimated to reachRead MoreOpportunities and Challenges for Fdi in Tourism Industry in Malaysia3183 Words   |  13 PagesOpportunities and Challenges for FDI in Tourism Industry in Malaysia CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2 2 Overview of the tourism industry in Malaysia 2 2.1 Arrivals and Receipts 2 2.2 Composition of visitor arrivals 4 2.3 Performance of sub-sectors and new investments 5 2.3.1 Hotels and Lodgings 5 2.3.2 Special Tourism Products and Services 6 2.3.3 Related transportation service 6 3 Opportunities for FDI in tourism industry in Malaysia 6 3.1 Healthy tourism business environment 6 3.2 Attractive potentialRead MoreCompany Overview of Domestic Direct Competitors of Sime Darby (Genting Berhad)1616 Words   |  7 PagesCOMPANY OVERVIEW OF DOMESTIC DIRECT COMPETITORS OF SIME DARBY (GENTING BERHAD) Genting Berhad (Genting), a holding company for the Genting Group, operates resorts, casino and plantations. It also develops properties, manufactures paper and generates electricity. The company primarily operates in Malaysia. It is headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and employs 36,000people. The company recorded revenues of MYR6,943.8 million (approximately $1,968.3 million) during the fiscal year ended DecemberRead MoreChallenges Faced by Malaysia in Its Journey Towards a High Income Nation at 20201936 Words   |  8 Pagesannounced his new program named as New Economic Model (NEM) to make Malaysia a â€Å"developed† and â€Å"high income† country at 2020. To be more specific the main target is to increase the per capita income to 17,700 USD from 7558 UDS by 2020. But what are the problems for the Malaysia in this way to become a developed and high-income nation? 1- The Economic Transformation And Need For New Institutions: In the past years, Malaysia has used a growth model to become a middle-income country. Now, it has

Analysis Of The Book Bas N ¡ Ball By James Naismith

Bas ·ket ·ball(ˈbaskÉ™tËÅ'bà ´l)- a game played between two teams of five players in which goals are scored by throwing a ball through a netted hoop fixed above each end of the court. If you were to ask the average person what basketball is that is the answer you ll probably get, but it is much more than that. Bas ·ket ·ball- a game that has evolved drastically invented by James Naismith played by millions of people around the world. Ah! That s like it. Basketball has changed a lot over the past years and still continues to grow, but many wonder â€Å"How did this all start?† The start of basketball began in the early 1890s. Brian Faurschou acknowledges that Well before James Naismith invented the game of basketball in 1891, the peoples of Mesoamerica had a very similar game where the point was to get a ball through a hoop. Ancient Mexican people such as the Aztecs and the Mayans had very similar games to basketball, but instead of a ball they used their conquered foes skulls. He also implies that The first basketball type game may have been played by the early Olmec people of Ancient Mexico as early as 500 years ago (Faurschou). The game of basketball was invented by Dr. James Naismith. Naismith, a P.E. teacher from Canada, invented the game in 1891. At the time James Naismith as working at the YMCA Training School in Massachusetts (Who Invented). Wyckoff implies that James was great at teaching summer sports, but when winter came, there was a problem. The men at the college were

Enhancing Logistical Process of E-Commerce

Question: Discuss about the Enhancing Logistical Process of E-Commerce. Answer: Introduction: I am studying a course on Engineering Management which a practice that combines the technical skills of engineering with the business and management skills so as to prepare us on solving business problems that are complex in nature. A practical understanding of the business situation is needed to be a good engineering manager in addition to the technical knowledge is required. This includes practical understanding of engineering management processes used in companies(Belanger, Pupulin, Coope, P.Geoph, Lowe, 2004). As a professional, I can assume from any of the available roles such as project manager, systems manager, technical consultant, corporate strategy planner, strategic consulting manager, and material logistics professional. Logistics being one professional area of development for management engineers attracts me. With an increase in the ecommerce organizations in India, it is seen that logistics decisions play a critical role in ecommerce space. I would develop myself as a professional engineering manager who can provide supply chain consulting to ecommerce organizations. Thus, I have chosen a practical project on ecommerce logistics which aims at understanding how logistics operations can be established and streamlined to achieve strategic performance advantages. This would help me understand how Indian ecommerce organizations work and manage their logistics and develop myself. This knowledge would make a pathway for me to reach out to organizations into ecommerce space after I graduate as they would be able to see my potential as an Engineering manager from the research I would be conducting(Lloyd, 2000). Professionalism in Engineering demands specialized technical knowledge on subject which I have with my college learning which would help in assessing operational alternatives. As a professional engineering manager, I would also need to have certain skill sets including ability to solve challenging issues, ability to do modeling for visualizing solutions, and ability to apply theories learnt or abstract concepts learnt to practical engineering applications. Logistics is a complex problem to solve when it is about developing in-house capabilities for an organization and thus, this project would help me gain a practical problem solving skills. Also, as I am taking the case of a company that has already developed its logistics that I would have to visualize to create a model to present during my research, the project would also help in understanding the concepts of business modeling. Further, many of the concepts and theories that I have learnt during my classroom sessions would be put to use in practice through this project. I have learnt about plant layouts, material handling, supply chain networks, and systems engineering that would be very useful as I would be able to apply them to the case study and learn the professional trait of applying theories to practice(Szpytko J.Lis, 2005). Besides these traits, a professional engineering manager also needs to have commitment to standards, ethical responsibilities, ability to handle uncertainty, communication skills, ability to appreciate management concepts, and ability to work with, lead or manage teams. As I am focused on one organization and would conduct research on the same, this would give me an opportunity to work with teams and develop these professional traits. Research Background In-sourcing of logistics services has become less use practice used by organizations all over the world because of costs and complexities involved. There are only a third of multinational organizations that have in sourced operations including logistics. Outsourcing on the other side has many advantages such as lower costs, more flexibility, access to more capabilities not present in-house, facilities consolidation, faster entry into new market and so on. Organizational Background The chosen organization is Flipkart which is into ecommerce space and had started with outsourcing model to slowly move to adoption of the in-sourced logistics. The company was founded in 2007 by IIT; Delhi Alumnis and is headquartered in Bangalore. It started as a book store but now sells an array of products through ecommerce including electronics, white goods, consumer goods, lifestyle products, stationeries and more(NIGAM, NAYAK, VYAS, 2015). Aims Objectives Aim of this research is to discover ways organizations can use in-sourced logistics to build on strategic advantages and achieve better performance in the ecommerce industry. Specific objectives of the research would be: Understanding the impact of outsourcing and in-sourcing of logistics on organizational supply chains Understand how Indian ecommerce operate their logistics Explore the impact of in-sourced logistics on ecommerce organizations performances Literature Review When an organization procures components required for its production processes from the company itself, the process of in-sourcing. In-sourcing can be done within the home ground, process called onshore in sourcing or through a foreign subsidiary, which is called offshore in sourcing. A major challenge with in sourcing is that the flow of products or its components happens across transnational borders making it difficult to make interpretations of the trade statistics. Outsourcing can help company reduce these complexities while at the same time, reduce investments and get more returns. There are other benefits of outsourcing that further add value to the arrangement such as access to different supplier capabilities, improved performance, and more. This is the reason why many international organizations have higher focus on the outsourcing of their operations. However, in 2005, Gottfredson, Puryear, and Phillips discovered that around 50% of these organizations adopting outsourcing model actually fell short of expectations. There were only 10% of these companies that were able to save costs and only 6% were satisfied with the overall performance of outsourced operations(Akili, 2011). Watson, Zinkhan, and Pitt had a theory devised a framework for understanding performance implications of outsourcing. The framework identifies two types of costs that are incurred in the outsourcing model - coordination costs and suboptimality costs. Networks can increase both increase or decrease coordination costs based on the level of autonomy(Miguel, 2005). Early adopters of outsourcing usually gain high returns while late adopters gain more of institutional legitimacy. The relationship between outsourcing and performance is affected in the long run and if there is too much of outsourcing, the performance can suffer. With more and more operations outsourced, management of multiple suppliers becomes difficult adding to coordination costs. Further, the cost of offshore outsourcing is much more than domestic outsourcing. Rottman and Lacity conducted a study on US companies and found that offshore outsourcing projects cost them 50% of whole contract prices while domestic outsourcing contributed up to 10%. Offshore outsourcing models can majorly be affected by currency exchange rate fluctuations adding to costs of operations(Li, Fan, Abid, Haartman, 2014). The ecommerce organization outsourcing its logistics operations risk losing their differentiation as they cannot differentiate their services against competition. They also lose on the bargaining power with suppliers as more and more organizations start to outsource their logistics to limited suppliers. Another challenge with outsourcing of logistics is that interfaces that connect the firm with customers reduce causing a lack of learning and thus, doing innovation becomes difficult(Kotabe, Mol, Murray, 2007). In the long term, outsourcing has a negative impact on performance and thus, it can be said that lesser the outsourcing, better is the performance of the organization. While in in-sourcing, there is more control over functions and thus, there are no hidden costs that can affect the operations in longer run. Instead, the company with in-sourced logistics can actually achieve economies of scale over time and thus, gain a competitive advantage(ASL, 2014). The choice of the logistics sourcing from outsourcing and in-sourcing can actually be affected by various factors other than their direct and indirect company advantages. These factors can be differences between countries, industries, and transactions. Walker has identified two levels of uncertainties in contracts including volume uncertainty which can increase costs when volumes are inappropriately estimated making in-sourcing of logistics a better approach while technological uncertainties raise questions on future technological developments making outsourcing a better option(Daniel Nordigardeh Chicksand, 2015). Research Methodology This research would use a secondary case analysis methodology to identify ways organizations can use in-sourced logistics practices to improve upon its strategic capabilities and achieve better performance for their ecommerce business. The research would collect textual data of a selected organization with in-sourced logistics and would analyze their business and supply chain models. For collecting secondary data on Flipkart supply chain and logistics practices, the researcher would make use of journal articles, books, Flipkart website, its case studies, news sources, and other authentic data sources about company operations. The case study would explore the logistics operations of the organization, would make an attempt to understand their decision of moving to in-source logistics and explore the performance benefits achieved by the organization after adopting in-house logistics. References Akili, E. A. (2011). Impact of the design of Logistics Outsourcing strategy on the firms logistic performance. University of Adger. ASL. (2014). Outsourcing versus Insourcing. ASL. Belanger, R., Pupulin, R., Coope, H., P.Geoph, Lowe, G. (2004). Concept of Professionalism. APEGGA. Daniel Nordigardeh, J. R., Chicksand, D. (2015). Sourcing Uncertainties: The Case of Outsourcing and Global Sourcing. Modern Management Science Engineering . Kotabe, M., Mol, M. J., Murray, J. Y. (2007). Outsourcing, performance, and the role of e-commerce: A dynamic perspective. University of Warwick . Li, Y., Fan, R., Abid, M., Haartman, R. v. (2014). The coordination of E-commerce and Logistics: A case study of Amazon.com. Hogskolan Igavle. Lloyd, B. E. (2000). Engineering Professionalism. Journal of The Institution of Engineers. Miguel, P. T. (2005). The Impact Of Logistics And Manufacturing Outsourcing On Shareholder Value . Graduate School of Vanderbilt University . NIGAM, P., NAYAK, K. M., VYAS, P. H. (2015). E- Commerce Challenges: A Case Study of Flipkart.com Versus Amazon. in. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 332-339. Szpytko, J., J.Lis. (2005). Professionalism in engineering practice. Mickiewicza: AGH University of Science and Technology.